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• Collection: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey

• Title: Lake Whitney Water Filtration Plant, Filtration Plant, South side of Armory Street between Edgehill Road & Whitney Avenue, Hamden, New Haven County, CT
• Creator(s): Historic American Engineering Record, creator
• Related Names:
     Hill, A. B.
     Fuller, George W.
     Ferry, Charles A.
     Eglee & Bunting Company, Boston
     LaValley, M. Pilar , transmitter
     Elliott, Joseph E. B. , photographer
     Stewart, Robert C. , historian
     Grzywacz, Robert W. , historian
     Schaefer, Otto , historian
     South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority , sponsor
• Date Created/Published: Documentation compiled after 1968
• Medium: Photo(s): 53
  Data Page(s): 56
  Photo Caption Page(s): 8
• Reproduction Number: ---
• Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. (http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html)
  
• Call Number: HAER CT-186-A
• Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
• Notes:
  • Significance: Use of the slow sand filtration process for purifying water dates back to a plant in Paisley, Scotland which was built in 1804. The first United States plant was built in Louisville, Kentucky in 1875. The Whitney plant operated from March 28, 1906 to August 1991. A typhoid outbreak in 1901 resulted in construction of a filtration plant at Lake Whitney. Professor H.E. Smith and George W. Fuller developed the technology for the New Haven filtration plant in 1901. Based on recommendations of A.B. Hill and his associate, Charles Ferry, reinforced concrete was selected as construction material. First used in 1866 in England, this material had the advantage that semiskilled workers could place it. The Lake Whitney Water Filtration Plant represents an early use of reinforced concrete in Connecticut, preceding the Cos Cob Power Plant, HAER No. CT-142-A, built between 1905 and 1907, which also used this material. Success at Lake Whitney encouraged Ferry to use reinforced concrete elsewhere in New Haven on the Yale Bowl, a National Historic Landmark, (1914). Rapid sand filters and chemical flocculation processes have largely displaced the slow sand filtration process for water purification. Slow sand filtration is still used for small water systems having a relatively pure, clear source. The configuration of the Lake Whitney plant and the methods for cleaning sand differentiate it from other slow sand filtration plants.
  • Survey number: HAER CT-186-A
  • Building/structure dates: 1902-1905 Initial Construction
• Subjects:
  • water treatment plants
  • water supply
• Place:
  • Connecticut--New Haven County--Hamden
• Collections:
  • Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey
• Part of: Historic American Engineering Record (Library of Congress)
• Bookmark This Record:
     https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ct0682/

The Library of Congress generally does not own rights to material in its collections and, therefore, cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material. For further rights information, see "Rights Information" below and the Rights and Restrictions Information page ( https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/rights.html ).

• Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html
• Reproduction Number: ---
• Call Number: HAER CT-186-A
• Medium: Photo(s): 53
  Data Page(s): 56
  Photo Caption Page(s): 8

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• Photographs--All photographs are printed from digital files to preserve the fragile originals.
• Make note of the Call Number and Item Number that appear under the photograph in the multiple-image display (e.g., HAER, NY,52-BRIG,4-2).
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In the rare case that a digital image for HABS/HAER/HALS documentation is not displaying online, select images for reproduction through one of these methods:

• Visit the Prints & Photographs Reading Room and request to view the group (general information about service in the reading room is available at: http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/info/001_ref.html). It is best to contact reference staff in advance (see: http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/address.html) to make sure the material is on site. OR
• P&P reading room staff can provide up to 15 quick copies of items per calendar year (many original items in the holdings are too old or fragile to make such copies, but generally HABS/HAER/HALS materials are in good enough condition to be placed on photocopy machines). For assistance, see our Ask a Librarian page OR
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• Make note of the Call Number listed above.
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• Call Number: HAER CT-186-A
• Medium: Photo(s): 53
  Data Page(s): 56
  Photo Caption Page(s): 8

Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm.

1. Is the item digitized? (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.)

   • Yes, the item is digitized. Please use the digital image in preference to requesting the original. All images can be viewed at a large size when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. In some cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available when you are outside the Library of Congress because the item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for rights restrictions.

     As a preservation measure, we generally do not serve an original item when a digital image is available. If you have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with a reference librarian. (Sometimes, the original is simply too fragile to serve. For example, glass and film photographic negatives are particularly subject to damage. They are also easier to see online where they are presented as positive images.)

   • No, the item is not digitized. Please go to #2.

2. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, such as microfilm or copy prints?

   • Yes, another surrogate exists. Reference staff can direct you to this surrogate.

   • No, another surrogate does not exist. Please go to #3.

3. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. Reference staff can advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served.

To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3.